Terminology:
CRA (Clean Random Access) is a compromise between open gop coding efficiency (notice that closed gop cadence is worse due to temporal prediction discontinuities) and random access ability (sometimes ‘seekability’ is used instead of ‘random access ability’).
Leading pictures – following in decoding order but preceding in presentation order. Leading pictures are divided into two types:
- RADL (random access decodable leading) – can be correctly decoded if decoding starts with the current CRA
- RASL (random access skipped leading) – can’t be correctly decoding if decoding starts with the current CRA and therefore this picture should be skipped. Therefore a decoder can start from the middle of stream, at a CRA frame by discarding RASL frames followed.
Relationship between CRA and RASL frames is specified by the following Note from the HEVC/H.265 spec.:
NOTE – A CRA picture contains only I slices, and may be the first picture in the bitstream in decoding order, or may appear later in the bitstream. A CRA picture may have associated RADL or RASL pictures. When a CRA picture has NoRaslOutputFlag equal to 1, the associated RASL pictures are not output by the decoder, because they may not be decodable, as they may contain references to pictures that are not present in the bitstream.
The flag NoRaslOutputFlag is either 1 or specified by a vague notion of ‘some external means’.
So, if you start decoding at a CRA frame in the middle of a stream, you can almost safety discard RASL frames. Although there are rare cases when a frame has the type RASL but used for
reference by frames with POCs greater than CRA’s POC.
23+ years’ programming and theoretical experience in the computer science fields such as video compression, media streaming and artificial intelligence (co-author of several papers and patents).
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