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The 18th century is commonly called as the age of the Enlightenment.

Atheism and hence materialism were in fashion among intellectuals. Materialists claim that matter in motion or in flux is sufficient to account for all phenomena. Theological notion as the “soul” seemed to be an unnecessary hypothesis.
Most radical materialists of the Enlightenment were Mettrie (1709-1751) and Adrian Helevetius (1715-1771).

Mettrie claimed it was possible to explain all human faculties (incl. spiritual) by the organization of matter. Mettrie went very far, he claimed that human being is a pleasure-seeking machine and there is no absolute moral standards.

Helevetius held more mild stance , all human knowledge and conduct are the fruits of education through sensory and social experience.

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