The R-D cost function (or RDO)
where ‘b’ is the block under consideration, ‘d’ is the decision to be made, ‘C’ is the cost to minimize, ‘D’ is the distortion if the decision ‘d’ is taken, ‘R’ is the corresponding change in bitrate, while λ is an application-dependent Lagrangian weighting factor expressing how much bits we are ready to sacrifice for a given quality, λ is usually calculated as a function of the QP value.
In JM (H264 reference codec) λ = 0.852(QP−12)/3 exponential function of QP, the values of λ are per-calculated.
An encoder has to choose the decision ‘d’ for the block ‘b’ which minimizes the cost function ‘C’ over the domain of all feasible decisions.
RDO is often the main performance bottleneck in encoding if apply RDO for each motion vector in Motion Estimation. Therefore it’s not uncommon to skip RDO calculations in Motion Estimation for fast presets.
Note: Bear in mind each decision pertaining to a certain block can affect on next blocks. Perhaps, the decision for the current block is R-D optimal, but this optimal decision might deteriorate coding efficiency of next blocks.
23+ years’ programming and theoretical experience in the computer science fields such as video compression, media streaming and artificial intelligence (co-author of several papers and patents).
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